Control Systems/Gain

What is Gain?

Gain is a proportional value that shows the relationship between the magnitude of the input to the magnitude of the output signal at steady state. Many systems contain a method by which the gain can be altered, providing more or less "power" to the system. However, increasing gain or decreasing gain beyond a particular safety zone can cause the system to become unstable.
Consider the given second-order system:

T(s) = \frac{1}{s^2 + 2s + 1}

We can include an arbitrary gain term, K in this system that will represent an amplification, or a power increase:

T(s) = K\frac{1}{s^2 + 2s + 1}

In a state-space system, the gain term k can be inserted as follows:

x'(t) = Ax(t) + kBu(t)

y(t) = Cx(t) + kDu(t)

The gain term can also be inserted into other places in the system, and in those cases the equations will be slightly different.

Example: Gain

Here are some good examples of arbitrary gain values being used in physical systems:

Volume Knob

On your stereo there is a volume knob that controls the gain of your amplifier circuit. Higher levels of volume (turning the volume "up") corresponds to higher amplification of the sound signal.

Gas Pedal

The gas pedal in your car is an example of gain. Pressing harder on the gas pedal causes the engine to receive more gas, and causes the engine to output higher RPMs.

Brightness Buttons

Most computer monitors come with brightness buttons that control how bright the screen image is. More brightness causes more power to be outputted to the screen.

Comments

Armature Winding ,Pole Pitch, Coil Span, Commutator Pitch

Now we are going to discuss about armature winding in details. Before going through this section, we should understand some basic terms related to armature winding of dc generator . Pole Pitch Definition of Pole Pitch The pole pitch is defined as peripheral distance between center of two adjacent poles in dc machine. This distance is measured in term of armature slots or armature conductor come between two adjacent pole centers. This is naturally equal to the total number of armature slots divided by number of poles in the machine. If there are 96 slots on the armature periphery and 4 numbers of poles in the machine, the numbers of armature slots come between two adjacent poles centers would be 96/4 = 24. Hence, the pole pitch of that dc machine would be 24. As it is seen that, pole pitch is equal to total numbers of armature slots divided by total numbers of poles, this can alternatively referred as armature slots per pole . Coil Span or Coil Pitch Coil of ...

Principles of Electronics

Principles of Electronics By- V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta

Alternator Synchronous Generator | Definition and Types of Alternator

Definition of Alternator The definition of alternator is hidden in the name of this machine itself. An alternator is such a machine which produces alternation electricity. It is a kind of generators which converts mechanical energy into alternating electrical energy. It is also known as synchronous generator. History of Alternator Michael Faraday and Hippolyte Pixii gave the very first concept of alternator . Michael Faraday designed a rotating rectangular turn of conductor inside a magnetic field to produce alternating current in the external static circuit. After that in the year of 1886 J.E.H. Gordon, designed and produced first prototype of useful model. After that Lord Kelvin and Sebastian Ferranti designed a model of 100 to 300 Hz synchronous generator. Nikola Tesla in 1891, designed a commercially useful 15 KHz generator. After this year, poly phase alternators were come into picture which can deliver currents of multiple phases. Use of Alternator ...

Electrical Engineering

Search This Blog

300x250 Ads