Solid State Physics and Materials Science

What is Solid?

The sate of matter in which materials are not fluid but retain their boundaries without support and having three dimension (length, breadth and thickness) as a geometric body or figure. Example:

»Atomic solid,

»Metallic solid,

»Molecular solid and 

» Ionic solid

 Solid can be divided in Crystalline and non- Crystalline of Solid

•Crystalline solid: Materials in which atoms are placed in a high ordered structure are called crystalline (Long range). Example: Metal, Insulator and Semiconductor 

•Non- Crystalline solid: Non- Crystalline solid divided in Amorphous solid and Polycrystalline:

–Amorphous solid:  Materials in which atoms are placed at random are called amorphose (short range)

–Polycrystalline:  Solid many small regions of single crystal

What is Materials? 
 

•Materials are made up of lot of little particles. How these particles are arranged determines their state. A materials state can be solid, liquid and gas.

–Solid: Solid can be hold their own shape unless something happens to them

–Liquid: Liquid flow and take the shape of their container

–Gases are usually invisible and spread out to fill up spaces

 Classes of Materials: Six Major Classes of Materials

•Metals

–Iron and Steel

– Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications)

– Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials)

•Ceramics

– Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing)

– Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating)

–Glass

– Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers, etc.)

– Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and concrete

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